The Epic Tale of Japan's Mightiest Companies: The Sogo Shosha

The history of the Japanese trading conglomerates that literary built the Japanese economy

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Introduction

This text is mainly inspired by Marubeni Research Institute’s excellent research papers on the matter (2014, 2017), the 12-part Sogo Shosha series from Patrick Ryan at the Japan Times (2018), and Nikkei Asia’s coverage of the resurgence of the Sogo Shosha (2019,2021). I have also taken inspiration from multiple smaller articles and videos that can be found in the appendix.

At the height of Japan's economic boom in the latter half of the 20th century, the Sogo Shosha stood tall as the powerhouse conglomerates that dominated the global and Japanese business world. They were the epitome of Japan's rise as an economic superpower, a symbol of the country's unrivaled might and prowess in the corporate world. With their vast networks and immense resources, these trading companies came to control a large portion of the country's exports, imports, and investment flows. They were the kingmakers, the power brokers, and the gatekeepers of the Japanese economy.

However, the Sogo Shosha's reign was not meant to last forever. As the Japanese economy matured and globalization intensified, the landscape of the business world began to shift. Companies that focused on specific segments, such as electronics, automotives, and finance, rose to prominence, pushing the Sogo Shosha to the sidelines. The once mighty conglomerates were considered outdated, their business models no longer relevant in a rapidly changing world.

But, like a phoenix rising from the ashes, the Sogo Shosha clawed their way back. Through a combination of strategic investments, divestments, and cost-cutting measures, they managed to weather the storm and remain relevant in the 21st century. While they still trade at low multiples compared to the overall market, these conglomerates continue to play a significant role in the Japanese economy, demonstrating the resilience and tenacity that made them the dominant forces they once were.

What are Sogo Shosha?

Japan's Sogo Shosha is a business model like no other. Dating back to before World War II, these behemoth organizations led the nation through its postwar reconstruction period and the subsequent period of rapid economic growth.

Unlike other companies, the concept of Sogo Shosha is a purely Japanese one. While there are "trading companies" worldwide, they do not hold a candle to the might of Japan's Sogo Shosha. These conglomerates are engaged in diverse businesses, from natural resources and energy to machinery, chemicals, and consumer goods. The seven major Sogo Shosha companies, often referred to as the "kings of commerce," have a significant impact on the global stage that cannot be overstated.